GREETINGS

Greetings is a way for human beings to intentionally communicate awareness of each other’s presence, to show attention to, and/or to affirm or suggest a type of relationship or social status between individuals or groups of people coming in contact with each other.
As many forms of communication, greetings habits are highly culture and situation. Specific and many changes within a culture dispending on social status and relationship : the [phenomenon] as such exists in all known human cultures though.
Greetings can be expressed both avdibly and physically, and often involve a combination of the two. This topic excludes military and ceremonial salutes but includes rituals other then gestures.
Example:
How do you greet other people?
~ Good Morning / Afternoon / Evening / Night / nite.
~ Hi / Hello, Aiiu!
~ How everything with you?
~ How are you / How life / How are you getting along?
~ Fine thanks!
~ Pretty goods thanks!
~ I’m well, thanks.
~ Not bad, thanks. And you?
How do introduce yourself?
~ Let me introduce myself. My name is Ayu Maulida.
~ Hello, my name is Ayou!
~ Hi, I’m Aiiu!
How do you introduce other people?
~ I would like to introduce KiQy!
~ I would like you to meet agree.
~ Excuse me, let me introduce my new friend. Her name is KiQy.

Invitation is a way to invite someone or more to go to a place or to do something.

There are two types of invitations.

FORMAL INVITATION

Formal invitation is usually originate from Institutes, Companies, and a kind of it. Normally formal invitation is written invitation.

INFORMAL INVITATION

Informal invitation is personal invitation given to a friend, family, etc. Informal invitation can be written invitation and verbal invitation.

Competen of invitation is encompass all the menthods extending, accepting, and declining an invitation.

EXTENDING (Mengutarakan Maksud)

Examples:

• 
  
  Ø  How would you like …..?
  Ø  Would you like . . . . . . .?
  Ø  Do you want to . . . . . . .?
  Ø  Would you be interested in . . . . ing?
  Ø  How about . . . . . . . ing?
  Ø  I would like to invite you . . . . .?
  Ø  Let’s !
  
  

   

This time we only discuss about Verbal Invitation Extending (Mengundang) :

• Ø  I would like to invite you to my birthday party.
• Ø  Would you like to come my house’
• Ø  How would you like to go to studying together.
• Ø  If you are not busy, please try to come to my factory.
• Ø  Are you free this evening?
• Ø  Let’s go to Palangka Raya Mall.
• Ø  Can you come?
• Ø  Please to come.
• Ø  We hope you’ll join us

Making an appointment is a promise that is made by someone in his / her life to someone or other people.

Making an appointment

1.      I’d like to make an appointment with . . .

2.      I’d like to make an appointment to see . . .

3.      I’d like you to come and see me at  . . .

4.      I want to make an appointment to see . . .

5.      Can I come and see you?

Accepting an appointment

1.      All right, see you there.

2.      No problem. I’m free on.

3.      Be there on time.

4.      I’ll wait for you there.

5.      It’s a deal.

Changing an appointment

1.      Could we change the day (time) of the meeting?

2.      Would you mind if we change thye day of playing football?

3.      I’m sorry. I have another appointment. What about . . . ?

4.      I’d love to, but I can’t.

5.      Do you have another time this afternoon?

Cancelling an appointment

1.      I’m sorry. I’m very biusy.

2.      I’m terribly sorry I have put off my appointment in tomorrow morning.

3.      I’m afraid. I have to postpone my appointment with someone or people for now or future.

Example :

Alvi   : I’d like to visit your new house. Would tomorrow be a good time?

Dwi     : Sure. I’ll be waiting for you!

Happiness expression is an expression that is used to say that someone or people are glad have excited feelings.

What is happiness?

►It’s important to first understand that is term “happiness” refers to the emotion, mood and state of happiness, however happiness researchers generally study the move enduring “state”.

►Expressing happiness is used to expression happiness feeling when we are successful to do something.

What would you say to express your happiness?

-          I’m happy . . .

-          I’m (very) pleasure / (really) delighted (about) . . .

-          I can’t say how pleased / delighted I am about it.

-          I am so glad to hear that.

-          Great!

-          Terrific!

-          Fantastic!

-          I’m glad now.

Example of happiness expression :

Mr. Andri         : Congratulations, Ayu! You’re the first winner and you get one million rupiah!

Iqbal                 : Am I? Thank you very much.

Mr. Andri         : How do you feel, Ayu?

Iqbal                 : It’s really give me great pleasure! I’m so happy!

I’m very happy, because how I can get together with my old friends. Oh, how I miss them.  I see that their appearances have not changed. Wima, the Winner Of  The Piano Competition, is playing us romantic music.

Gaining attention is a way or expression that is spoken so that other people will pay their attention to what we want to.

We may use the expression likes :

• Attention, please!
• May / can I have your attention, please!
• Excuse me, look here!
• Look me!
• Listen to me, please!
• Waiter?
• I’m sorry, but…
• Wow really?
• Guess what!
• I hope you can attention me!
• Silent, please!
• Be quite!
• Don’t be noisy!

If we want to responding that gaining attention, we can use the expressions likes:

• I’m listening!
• I’m ready to hear now!
• Let’s hear together!
• Oh sure, I’m look at you now! 
• Okay, I’m listening to you!

Sympathy expression is an expression or feeling of pity and sorrow when we know and see someone or people are unlucky or have trouble and in bad condition. By expressing sympathy we want to show our concern or carefulness on other people’s condition.

How can we give sympathy expression to someone?

We express it directly to him / her orally or we can use a letter or card by post also by short message service (SMS), e-mail, television, radio, newspaper if he / she who got the trouble is far from us.

This is some expressions of sympathy :

v  I’m sorry to hear that

v  I’m awfully sorry about…

v  Oh’ awful!

v  Oh, dear!

v  Oh, what a shame.

v  How pity you are!

v  I’m sorry for what happened.

v  Look! This is not the end of the world.

v  Oh, no!

v  I know how it feels.

v  How terrible / awful for you.

Example of dialogue that expression sympathy in a certain situation ;

Aisy     : Hi Ayu, will you join us to the beach?

Ayu     : I’d love to, but my parents don’t let me go.

Aisy     : That’s a pity you are. But it’s O.K. You can join us another time.

Announcement is something said, written or printed to make known what has happened or (more often) what will happen.

In writing an announcement, keep the following points :

·         The title/type of event.

·         Date/time.

·         Place.

·         Who to contact.

Example of announcement :

 School Announcement
Saturday morning basketball matches will begin on Saturday, January 1. the events will run from 09.00 – 11.00am for the next four weeks. The final tournament will be held on February 8. for more information, contact Ari (021) 7891023.

Kartini’s Day
Monday, April 21, is Kartini’s day. To celebrate it, each class must present a couple of boy and girl. They have to wear and perform the traditional costumes. Also, there will be a cooking competition. Each class present two groups, i.e one group of boys and one group of girls. Each group consist of 3 – 4 students. The categories for judging will be : best of show and creativity. Winners will receive prizes at 02.00pm in the school hall. For more information, please confirm your class teacher.

Prepositional phrases are groups of words that have a preposition and an object of the preposition. The whole phrase will always act as either an adjective or an adverb.

A preposition will always start the phrase, and an object of the preposition will always end it. An object of the preposition is a noun or pronoun that follows the preposition.

preposition + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause

preposition + modifier(s) + noun, pronoun, gerund, or clause

- Here are some examples:

At home

At=preposition; home=noun

In time

In = preposition; time = noun.

             From Richie   

 From = preposition; Richie = noun.

- Most prepositional phrases are longer, like these:

From my grandmother

From = preposition; my = modifier; grandmother = noun.

Under the warm blanket

Under = preposition; the, warm = modifiers; blanket = noun.

A prepositional phrase will function as an adjective or adverb. As an adjective, the prepositional phrase will answer the question Which one?

Read these examples:

The book on the bathroom floor is swollen from shower steam.
Which book? The one on the bathroom floor!

The sweet potatoes in the vegetable bin are green with mold.
Which sweet potatoes? The ones forgotten in the vegetable bin!

As an adverb, a prepositional phrase will answer questions such as How? When? or Where?

Freddy is stiff from yesterday's long football practice.
How did Freddy get stiff? From yesterday's long football practice!

Before class, Josh begged his friends for a pencil.
When did Josh do his begging? Before class!

Preposition List

A

aboard, about, above, across, after, against, ahead of, along, amid, 

amidst, among, around, as, as far as, as of, aside from, at, athwart, atop

B

barring, because of, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, besides, 

between, beyond, but, by, by means of

C

circa, concerning

D

despite, down, during

E

except, except for, excluding

F

far from, following, for, from

I

in, in accordance with, in addition to, in case of, in front of, in lieu of, 

in place of, in spite of, including, inside, instead of, into

L

like

M

minus

N

near, next to

O

of, off, on, on account of, on behalf of, on top of, onto, opposite, out, 

out of, outside, over

P

past, plus, prior to

R

regarding, regardless of

S

save, since

T

than, through, till, to, toward, towards

U

under, underneath, unlike, until, up, upon

V

versus, via

W

with, with regard to, within, without

Recount text is a text that is used to retell the readers what happened in the past through a sequence of events.

Social Function : To retell past event for the purpose of informing or entertaining.

GENERIC STRUCTURE 

v  ORIENTATION

It’s about who was involved, what happened, where this event took place and when it happened.

v  EVENT (S)

It’s about what happened in chronological order.

v  RE-ORIENTATION

The conclusion of the experience.

SIGNIFICANT GRAMMAR FEATURES

ü  Focuses on individual participants.

ü  Use of material process.

ü  Circumstances of theme and places.

ü  Use of the past tense.

LANGUAGE FEATURES

Ø  Use of past tenses

(Ex: went, spent, played)

Ø  Use of time conjunctions

(Ex: and, but, after, then)

Ø  Use of adverbs of time in the past

(Ex: yesterday, last week, two days ago)

Ø  Use of personal pronoun

(Ex: I, we)

Narrative text is story, mostly, narrative are imaginary stories but sometimes narratives can be factual too. Narrative text is to tell something in the past. Narrative includes fairy stories, fables, mystery, science, fictions any romance and horror.

Narrative have three elements, there are:
• Orientation is sets the scene and the participant
• Complication is crisis arias
• Resolution is include the crisis resolved for the better or worse.
Likes Recount text, Narrative text using verb II, too.


Characteristic of Narrative Text :
1. Entertain the reader
2. Structure of the text :
    > Orientation
    > Complication
    > Resolution
3.  Other generic structure :
    > Evaluation and coda
4.  Language features :
    > Nouns, adjective, time conjuction and conjuctions, adverb and adverbial phrases, action verbs, saying verbs.

Kind of Narrative Text :
-  Myth
-  Legend
-  Fable
-  Folklore

Example Narrative Text :

"Monkey and Crocodile"

One day a monkey wanted to cross a river. He saw a crocodile in the river, so he asked the crocodile to take him across the other side. The crocodile told the monkey to jump on its back. Then the crocodile swam down the river.
Now, the crocodile was very hungry, so when it was in the middle of the river, it stopped and said to the monkey, ”Monkey, my father is very sick. He must eat the heart of the monkey. Then he will be strong again.”
The monkey thought for a while. Then he told the crocodile to swim back to the river bank.
“What’s for?” asked the crocodile.
“Because I didn’t bring my heart with me,” said the monkey. “I left it under the tree, near some coconuts.”
So, the crocodile turned around and swam back to the bank of the river. As soon as they reached the river bank, the monkey jumped off the crocodile’s back and climbed up to the top of a tree.
“Where is your heart?” asked the crocodile.
“You are foolish,” the monkey said to the crocodile. “Now I am free and you have nothing.”
The monkey told the crocodile not to try to fool him again. The crocodile swam away, hungry.

Procedure text is a text that designed to describe how something is achieved through a sequence of actions or steps. It explains how people perform different process in a sequence of steps. This text uses the simple present tense, often imperative sentences. It also usually uses the temporal conjunctions, such as first, second, then, next, finally, etc.

The generic structure of procedure text :

• Goal :

The final purpose of doing the instructions.

• Materials :

Ingredients, utensils, equipment to do the instructions.

• Steps :

A set of instruction to achieve the final purpose.

Language features :

·         Use imperative. Example : cut, don’t mix, etc.

·         Use action verb. Example : turn, put, mix, etc.

·         Use connectivitas. Example : first, then, finally, next, etc.

·         Use adverbial phrases. Example : for five minutes, 2 centimeters from the top, etc.

Example of procedure text :

Goal :

“Marble game”

Materials :

• One marble per shooter.
• A hole in ground.
• A line (distance) to start from.

Steps :

1. First you must dub (click marbles together).

2. Then check that the marbles are in good condition and are nearly worth the same value.

3. Next you must dig a hole in the ground and draw a line a fair distance away from the hole.

4. The first shooter carefully throws his or her marble towards the hole.

5. Then the second shooter tries to throw his or her marble closer to the hole than his or her opponent.

6. The shooter whose marble is closest to the hole tries to flick his or her marble into the hole. If successful, this player tries to flick his or her opponent’s marble into the hole. The shooter flicking the last marble into the hole wins and gets to keep both marbles.